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Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
Quick questions on The cardiac cycle and heart rate: O-Level Exercise and Sports Science
4short Q&A pairs drawn directly from our worked dot-point answer. For full context and worked exam questions, read the parent dot-point page.
What is the cardiac cycle?Show answer
The cardiac cycle is one complete heartbeat, made of two phases.
What is heart rate?Show answer
Heart rate is the number of times the heart beats in one minute, measured in beats per minute (bpm). A typical resting heart rate is around 60 to 80 bpm, and it is lower in trained endurance athletes because their hearts are stronger and more efficient.
What is stroke volume?Show answer
Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in a single beat, measured in millilitres. Endurance training increases stroke volume, so a trained heart pumps more blood per beat.
What is cardiac output?Show answer
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in one minute. It is the product of heart rate and stroke volume:
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