Which of these is direct evidence that the Earth's climate is warming?

Rising global average temperatures recorded by instruments over the past century

How do ice cores provide evidence of past climate?

Trapped gas bubbles reveal the composition of the ancient atmosphere, including past carbon dioxide levels

The thermal expansion of sea water as it warms

Greenhouse gases trapping some outgoing heat, keeping the Earth warm enough for life

Human activities such as burning fossil fuels and clearing forests, adding extra greenhouse gases

Large volcanic eruptions and variations in solar output

More frequent and intense extreme weather events such as storms and heatwaves

Oceans warm and become more acidic as they absorb carbon dioxide, harming coral and marine life

Threats to food and farming, water supply, health and homes for people

Because they depend on climate-sensitive activities, are often in exposed areas, and cannot easily afford defences or recovery

Reducing the causes of climate change, mainly cutting greenhouse gas emissions

Building sea walls to protect against rising seas and developing drought-resistant crops

Because mitigation reduces the root cause while adaptation protects people from change that cannot now be avoided

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