Quick questions on Kuhn, paradigms and scientific revolutions explained: H2 Knowledge and Inquiry

A paradigm, in Kuhn's sense, is the constellation of shared commitments that defines a mature scientific community: a dominant theory, accepted methods and instruments, standards for what counts as a legitimate problem and an acceptable solution, and, importantly, concrete exemplary achievements (exemplars) that serve as models for future research. A paradigm is more than a theory; it is a whole way of seeing and working that scientists absorb through training, largely by solving standard problems.

Most science, for Kuhn, is normal science: the patient activity that a paradigm makes possible. Normal scientists do not test the paradigm; they work within it, solving puzzles such as measuring constants more precisely, extending the theory to new cases, and articulating its consequences. The paradigm is assumed to be broadly correct, so when a puzzle resists solution, the failure is usually blamed on the scientist rather than the paradigm. This is why paradigms are highly stable and productive.

Define a paradigm and explain what normal science is. [6 marks]

Explain Kuhn's notion of incommensurability and why it matters for objectivity. [8 marks]

Explain one way Kuhn's view differs from Popper's. [6 marks]