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Further Calculus

Quick questions on Reduction formulae explained: H2 Further Mathematics

7short Q&A pairs drawn directly from our worked dot-point answer. For full context and worked exam questions, read the parent dot-point page.

What are deriving one by parts?
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The standard derivation splits off one factor and integrates by parts. For In=∫xnex dxI_n = \int x^n\mathrm{e}^x\,dx, take u=xnu = x^n and dv=ex dxdv = \mathrm{e}^x\,dx; integration by parts lowers the power of xx by one, producing Inβˆ’1I_{n-1}. For powers of sine, sin⁑nx=sin⁑nβˆ’1xβ‹…sin⁑x\sin^n x = \sin^{n-1}x\cdot\sin x, integrate by parts with dv=sin⁑x dxdv = \sin x\,dx, then use cos⁑2x=1βˆ’sin⁑2x\cos^2 x = 1 - \sin^2 x to express the result back in terms of InI_n and Inβˆ’2I_{n-2}, and rearrange.
What is wrong base case?
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sin⁑n\sin^n and cos⁑n\cos^n reductions step by two, so an even nn ends at I0I_0 and an odd nn at I1I_1; using the wrong base case gives the wrong constant.
What are boundary term errors?
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Always evaluate the [uv][uv] term; for 00 to Ο€2\tfrac{\pi}{2} it usually vanishes, but check rather than assume.
What is sign slip from the Pythagorean substitution?
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sin⁑2x=1βˆ’cos⁑2x\sin^2 x = 1 - \cos^2 x introduces βˆ’In-I_n; mishandling the sign breaks the rearrangement.
What is q1?
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State the reduction formula for In=∫0Ο€/2sin⁑nx dxI_n = \int_0^{\pi/2}\sin^n x\,dx. [1 mark]
What is q2?
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What is the base case I0I_0 for ∫0Ο€/2sin⁑nx dx\int_0^{\pi/2}\sin^n x\,dx? [1 mark]
What is q3?
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Using In=eβˆ’nInβˆ’1I_n = \mathrm{e} - n I_{n-1} with I0=eβˆ’1I_0 = \mathrm{e} - 1, find I1I_1. [1 mark]

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